Friday 12 September 2014

Class X SA I Sample Paper

                                                                          Class X   SA I
                                                                  Subject - Social Science
Time Allowed : 3 Hrs                                                                                             Maximum Marks : 90

General Instructions
(i) The Questions paper has 31 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
(ii) Questions from serial number 1 to 10 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries 1 mark
(iii) Questions from serial number 11 to 22 are of 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.
(iv) Questions from serial number 23 to 30 are of 5 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 120 words each.
(v) Question number 31 is a map question of 4 marks from Geography only. After completion, attache the map inside your answer book.                                                                              

1. The reasons why the inflow of fine Indian cotton into Britain and other countries declined in the 19th century were :
(a) Industrialisation and expansion of cotton manufacture in Britian
(b) Imposition of tariff on cloth imported into Britian to protect local industries
(c) British manufacturers began to seek overseas markets for their cloth, Indians faced stiff competition in international markets
(d) All of the above
Ans (d)
                                                                           or
The women in the woollen industry attacked the introduction of spinning jenny because
(a)  fear  of  unemployment  made  the  women  workers  hostile  to  the  introduction  of  new technology
(b)  the women did not know how to work the machine
(c)  the women depended on hand-spinning
(d)  all the above
Ans. (d)
                                                                          or
The congestion in the 19th century industrial city led to a yearning for :
(a)  A clean country air, a holiday home in the countryside for the rich
(b)  Making 'new lungs', for the city, a Green Belt around London
(c)  Building of the garden city, with common gender spaces, beautiful views, full of plants and trees
(d)  All the above
Ans. (d)

2. What were low priced small books printed on poor quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers called in France?                                                                          
(a)  Chapbooks              (b) Almanacs                (c) Bibliotheque Bleue (d) Ballads
Ans. (c)
                                                                           Or
The  similarity  between  Chandu  Menon  of  Kerala  and  Kandukuri  Viresalingam  of
Andhra Pradesh is that :
(a)  they both wrote their first novels in their own mother tongue
(b)  they were both sub-judges in their own states
(c)  they both first attempted to translate English novels into their mother tongues
(d)  none of the above
Ans. (c)

3. Which  of  the  following  two  factors  are  majorly  responsible  for  depletion  of  forest resources?                                                                                                                  
(a) Mining of fuel-wood collection               (b) Mining and grazing
(c) Flood and Grazing                                    (d) Grazing and fuel-wood collection
Ans. (d)

4. Which  of  the  following  types  of  farming  is  practised  in  areas  with  high  population pressure on land?
(a) Primitive Subsistence Farming                (b) Intensive Subsistence Farming
(c) Commercial Farming                                (d) Plantations
Ans. (b)

5. What led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities in Belgium during the 1950s and 1960s?
(a)  Both the communities demanded special powers
(b) The minority French-speaking community was richer and more powerful than the majority
Dutch-speaking community
(c)  The majority Dutch-speaking community was richer and more powerful than the minority
French-speaking community
(d) Both the communities were equal in socio-economic ladder and this was resented by the
French-speaking community
Ans. (b)

6. What is true regarding sources of revenue in a federal system?
(a)  States have no financial powers or independent sources of revenue.
(b)  States are dependent for revenue or funds on the central government.
(c)  Sources  of  revenue  for  each  level  of  government  are  clearly  specified  to  ensure  its financial autonomy.
(d)  States have no financial autonomy.
Ans. (c)

7. ..................... groups in our country have argued that most of the victims of communal riots in our country are people from religious minorities.
(a)  Trade Union            (b) Feminist                  (c) Students                   (d) Human Rights
Ans. (d)

8. Net  Attendence  Ratio  is  the  total  number  of  children  of  age  group   ..........................  attending schools as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group
(a)  0-3 years                 (b) 8-10 years               (c) 5-7 years                 (d) 6-10 years
Ans. (d)

9. What does Infant Mortality Rate indicate?                                                      
(a)  Literate population in the 7 and above age group.
(b)  The number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of
1000 live children.
(c)  The total number of children attending the school. (d)  The number of children born in a year.
Ans. (b)

10. Which of the following Acts would not apply to a company like TISCO ?  
(a)  Minimum Wages Act                           (b) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(c)  Factories Act                                        (d) Payment of Gratuity Act
Ans. (b)

11. Define the term 'trade surplus'. How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by  Britian ? [3]                                                                                                                                                                                        
Ans. Over the 19th century, British manufactures flooded the Indian market. Food grain and raw material exports from India to Britain increased. But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Thus, Britain had a trade surplus with India.
(i)  Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries, that is, with countries from which Britain was importing more than it was selling to them.
(ii)  Britain's trade surplus in India also helped pay the so called "home charges" that included private remittances sent home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India's external debt and pensions of British officials in India.
                                                                            Or
Explain any three major problems faced by new European merchants in setting up their industries in towns before the Industrial Revolution.                                                 [3]
Ans. New European merchants faced problems in setting up their industries in towns for three major reasons :
(i)  The urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople and maintained control over production.
(ii)  They regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
(iii)  Rulers granted different guilds monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
                                                                            Or
Why, along with growth as a city, London became a centre for crime?
Ans. It is reported that in the 1870s, 20,000 criminals were living in London. Crime had become a matter of great concern to the police and the philanthropists. Police was worried about the law and order and the philanthropists were anxious about public morality. The industrialists wanted a hard-working and orderly labour force.
According to Henry Mayhew, who wrote several books on London labour, the 'criminals' were in fact poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, clothes drying on hedges. Others were more skilled in their trade, experts in their jobs. There were cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves crowding London streets. The main reason was the huge population of London, less number of jobs and the poverty of the majority which made it a city of crime.

12. "The print culture created the conditions within which the French Revolution occurred." Support the statement giving three arguments.                             [2009, 2010, 2011 (T-1)]
Ans. (i)   Print popularised the ideas of enlightened thinkers, the writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely. They made a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. It opened the eyes of the readers, made them question, be critical and rational.
(ii)  Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were revalued and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason. New ideas of social revolution came into being.
(iii) By the 1780s, there was an outpouring of literature, that mocked royalty and criticised their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social order. It led to hostile sentiments against the monarchy. Thus, the print culture created the conditions in which the French Revolution occurred.
                                                                                  Or
Describe  in  brief  the  role  of  novels  in  popularising  the  sense  of  belongingness  to  a common nation.                                                                                                                
Ans.   (i) Imagining a heroic past was one way in which the novel helped in popularising the sense of beloging to a common nation.
(ii) Another was to include various classes in the novel so that they could be seen to belong to a shared world. Premchand's novels, for example, were filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society.
(iii) The novels promoted an understanding of different people, different values and different communities. Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay's - Anguriyo Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengali. It glorifies Shivaji and his many battles against the clever and treacherous Aurangzeb,  the  Mughal  ruler.  It  describes  how  Shivaji  escaped  from  the clutches  of Aurangzeb.  It  helped  the  reader  in  imagining  a  nation  full  of  adventure, heroism, romance and sacrifice. Shivaji became a nationalist figure fighting for the freedom of the Hindus.

13. Highlight any three problems associated with the indiscriminate use of resources by the human beings.                                                                                                 [3]
Ans. Indiscriminate use of resources creates following problems :-
(i)  Global ecological crises such as global warming.
(ii)  It has also led to depletion of the ozone layer.
(iii)  It has also caused environmental pollution and land degradation.
The resultant threat to ecology and environment has put the future of our planet in danger. Natural  disasters  have  become  very  frequent.  Many  species  of  flora  and  fauna  have already become extinct.

14. The destruction of forests and wildlife is not just a biological issue. The biological loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural diversity. Elucidate.
Ans. The destruction of forests and wildlife is not just a biological issue. The biological loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural diversity. Many indigenous and other forest dependent communities have been increasingly marginalised and impoverished by such losses as they directly depend on various components of the forest and wildlife for food, drink, medicine, culture, sprituality, etc.
In many societies women bear the major responsibility of collection of fuel, fodder, water and
other basic subsistence needs. Depletion of these resources increases drudgery of women affecting their health as well as leading to negligence of home and family due to longer hours required to acquire the resources. This often has serious social implications.
The indirect impact of degradation are severe drought or deforestation induced floods or dust storms due to soil erosion, etc. These hit the poor the hardest. Poverty in these cases is a direct outcome  of  environmental  destruction. The  indigenous  culture  of  these  forest  dependent communities are severely affected as a result.

15. Why is the conservation and management of water resources important? Give any three reasons.                                                                                                                    
Ans. The  conservation  and  proper  management  of  water  is  necessary  because  of  following reasons:
(i) Growing population :- As population is growing its need for water is also growing, so it is necessary to properly manage the availability of water.
(ii) Increasing Urbanisation :- More and more people are moving to cities where need of water is growing. On the other hand, cities are overexploiting and polluting water resources, so there is need to conserve water.
(iii) Due  to  industrialisation  also  water  is  being  overexploited.  So, without  proper conservation it would be difficult to survive.

16. An area or region may have ample water resources but still face water scarcity. Explain why such circumstances arise.
Ans.   (i)  Water scarcity in most of the cities are an outcome of dense and growing population. The multiplying urban centres and urban lifestyles of the huge population have not only added to water and power requirements but have also aggravated the problem by over-exploiting available groundwater resources.
(ii)  A large and growing population results in greater demands of water and consequently unequal access to it, especially in rural areas.
(iii)  More water is required for domestic use by the multiplying population. Over and above, available water resources are over- exploited for expanding irrigation and dry season farming  to  facilitate  higher foodgrain  production.  Over-irrigation  may  lead  to  falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability and food security of the people.
(iv) Ever-increasing number of industries with their heavy consumption of water and hydroelectricity have placed undue pressure on the existing freshwater resources.
(v)  Another situation of water scarcity arises when the available water resources are rendered unusable due to pollution by discharge of effluents from industries, use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers in agriculture and due to dumping of domestic wastes.

17. What is the difference between the policies adopted by Belgium and Sri Lanka regarding power sharing arrangement?                                                                                
Ans. The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex. The Belgium Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus no single community can make decisions unilaterally. Many powers of the central government has been given to state governments but the state governments are not subordinate to the central government. Brussels (the capital) has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
Apart from the central and the state government, there is a third kind of government. This community government is elected by people belonging to one language community. It has the power regarding cultural, educational   and language-related issues.
In Sri Lanka, two major social groups are there - Sinhala speakers (74%) and Tamil speakers (18%). The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government. As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of majoritarian.
Under it, Sinhala is recognised as the only official language. The government followed Sinhala preferential policies. The state shall protect and foster Buddhism.
As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time.

18. Discuss two reasons why differences occur in society. Give an example to show that social differences do not lead to social division.                                                
Ans. The social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. Normally we do not choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. People around us are male or female, they are tall or short, having different complexion or have different physical abilities or disabilities. But all kind of social differences are not based on accident of birth. Some of the differences are based on our choices. Example - some people are atheists. They don't believe in god or any religion. All these lead to formation of social groups that are based on our choices.
Every  social  difference  does  not  lead  to  social  division.  Social  differences  divide  similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people.

19. Discuss the various factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social division. Ans.  (i)   All the outcomes depend on how people perceive their identities. If people see their
identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. It is
much better if the people see that their indentities are multiple and are complementary with the national identity. For example, in our country people think of themselves as Indians as well as belonging to a state or a language group or a social or religious community.
(ii)   It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It is easier to accommodate demand that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for 'only Sinhala' was at the cost of the interest and indentity of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka.
(iii)  It depends on how the government reacts to the demands of different groups. If the government is willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of the minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country, as it happened in the case of Belgium.

20. What are the main types of soil found in India? Which type of soil is the most widespread and important soil of India ? Describe in detail about this soil type.
Ans. The main types of soil found in various parts of India are as follows : (i)  Alluvial soil.
(ii)  Black soil.
(iii)  Red and yellow soil
(iv)  Laterite soil
(v)  Arid or Desert soil.
(vi)  Forest and Mountainous soil.
Alluvial soil is the most fertile, widespread and important soil of India. They are riverine soil transported and deposited by the three great river systems- the Indus, the Ganga and Brahmaputra - which have formed the entire Northern Plains. They are also found in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers along the Eastern Coastal plains. They also extend in a narrow corridor to Rajasthan and Gujarat.
The fertility of the alluvial soil has made the Northern Plains and the Eastern Coastal Plain the most productive agricultural regions of India with a high density of population. The alluvial soil contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for cultivation of paddy, wheat, other cereals and pulses and sugarcane.
The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. The soil near the
floodplain are more or less fine and in the deltas they are finest. They are coarse in the upper reaches of the river valley specially near break of slope and in piedment plains like Duars, Chos and Terai.
Alluvial soils are renewed every year during annual floods. The new, fertile, light coloured and fine alluvial deposited near the river is called khadar. The old alluvial deposited earlier are found at about 30 metres above the floodlevel of the rivers. They are clayey, dark in colour, coarse with kanker nodules and less fertile.

21. Why is the tertiary sector becoming more important than other sectors in India? Give four reasons.                                                                                                            
Ans. Tertiary sector has become important in India due to
(i) Basic  services  like  hospitals,  education,  post  and  telegraph,  courts  etc.  are  the responsibility of the government.
(ii) Demand for services such as transport, trade, storage has increased with the development of primary and secondary sectors.
(iii) Demand for tourism, shopping, private schools, private hospitals etc. increased with the increase in the level of income.
(iv) Rapid growth of service sector also benefitted from external demand such as software industry and call centre services.

22. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of India.
Ans. Public sector is an important sector for the development of economy.
(i)  There are several things needed by the society as a whole but which the private sector will not provide at a reasonable cost. As huge sum of amount is needed which private sector can not afford, so public sector is needed there. For example, building bridges, railway etc.
(ii)  There are several basic activities which government has to support, for example, selling electricity at lower cost, providing driking water at affordable rate etc.
(iii)  There are some activities which government has to perform like providing health and education facilities. So public sector is needed.

23. Explain any four measures adopted by America for post-war recovery.       [5]
Ans. One measure adopted by America for post-war recovery was :
(i)  Mass production; it became a feature of industrial production in US. An example is Henry Ford, the car manufacturer. He adopted 'assembly line'   method for faster and cheaper production. Car production increased from 2 million in 1919 to more than five million units in 1929.
(ii)  Similarly, there was boom in production of refrigerators, washing machines, all purchased through a ''hire purchase' system, credit repaid in weekly or monthly instalments.
(iii)  There were large investments in housing and household goods which created a cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising consumption demand, more investment.
(iv)  The US resumed exporting capital to the world in 1923. US exports and imports boosted
European recovery and world trade and income growth over the next six years.
Or
How did the British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market with the help of advertisements? Explain with three examples.                                               [5]
Ans. (i)  When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label served two purposes. One was to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the people. The second was that the label was also a mark of quality. When the buyers saw "Made in Manchester" written in bold on the label, they felt confident about buying the cloth.
(ii)  Besides words and texts, they also carried images. Beautifully illustrated images of Indian Gods and Goddesses appeared on these labels. For example, images of Kartika, Laxmi, Saraswati were shown on imported cloth label.
(iii)  Historic figures like those of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were used to create respect for the product. The image, the labels, the historic figures were intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv)  Manufacturers printed calendars to popularise their products calendars could be used ever by people who could not read. Advertisement could be seen day after day, throughout the year, when hung on the walls.
                                                                                      Or
What was the impact of industrialisation and urbanization on the family in Britain in the nineteenth century?                                                                                      
Ans. The function and shape of the family was completely transformed by life in the industrial city. (i)  Ties between members of households loosened
(ii)  Among working class the institution of marriage tended to break down
(iii)  Women of upper and middles classes in Britain, faced increasingly high level of isolation.
Their lives though were made easier by maids who cooked, cleared and cared for young children on low wages.
(iv)  Women who worked had some control over their lives, specially among the lower social classes. Many reformers felt that marriage as an institution had broken down.
(v)  When women lost their industrial jobs, conservative people forced them to withdraw into their homes. 20th century saw another change, the family became the heart of new market - of goods, services and of ideas. Families after the war became smaller units.

24.What did the spread of print culture in the 19th century do to : (a) children (b) women and (c) workers in Europe? [5]
Ans. (a)  As  primary  education  became  compulsory  in  late  19th  century,  children  became  an important category of readers. Therefore,
(i) Production of textbooks became important for publishing industry.
(ii) A children's press, for producing only children's books, was set up in France in 1857. l The press published fairytales and folktales. Grimm Brothers of Germany collected many stories from villages and edited them, before publishing them in 1812. Anything
unsuitable for children was not published.
(b)  Women became not only important readers but writers also. Special magazines were printed for women which catered to their tastes. Penny magazines of England taught etiquette  and  house-keeping. Women  became  voracious  readers  of  novels  when  they appeared and some of the best novelists of this period were women - Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot. They portrayed a different woman - strong, independent, determined, and able to think.
(c)  The white collar workers of England became members of lending libraries and read a lot.
Workers, artisans and lower middle-class people educated themselves with the help of these libraries. In the mid-19th century, the working day was shortened and workers had more time for self-improvement. They not only read but started writing also - mostly political pamphlets and autobiographies.
                                                                                 Or
Name the first modern novel of Hindi. Who wrote this novel? State four characteristics of this novel.                                                                                                                
Ans. The first modern novel in Hindi was 'Pariksha Guru' written by Srinivas Das of Delhi. It was published in 1882.
(i)  The novel depicted the conflict between the ideas of new society emerging under colonial rule and the old cultural values.
(ii)  The characters find the new world fascinating, yet frightening. They take to new methods of cultivation, try to be modern in their practices, try to make their language capable of teaching western sciences. The young develop healthy habits of reading newspapers.
(iii)  The moral pointed out by the writer to choose the right to live with dignity and honour.
Stick to your roots but be wise and practical.
(iv)  It was too preachy and did not become too popular.

25."Print did not only stimulate the publications of conflicting opinions among different communities but also connected them in the 19th century in India." Support the statement with examples.   [5]                                                                                        
Ans. In the 19th century, there were intense debates around religious issues. Different groups had different opinions about changes taking place in colonial society. Some criticised existing practices and championed the cause of reforms, while others opposed reforms vehemently. Print not only spread the new ideas, but along with newspapers, it shaped the nature of debate.
This was a time of controversies between social and religious reformers and Hindu Orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation (Sati), monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. The ideas were printed everyday in spoken language of ordinary people. Rammohun Roy published Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and the Hindu Orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions. From 1822, two Persian newspapers were published - Jam-i-Jahannuma and Shamsul Akhbar. In the same year, a Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay Samachar, was published.
In north India, the Ulema were deeply worried about the collapse of Muslim dynasties, and the colonial rulers changing the Muslim Personal Law. The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday life, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.
Among  Hindus,  print  helped  in  reading  of  religious  texts. The  first  printed  edition  of Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a 16th century text, came out from Calcutta in 1810. From the 1880s the Nawal Kishore Press at Lucknow and Shri Venkateshwar Press of Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernaculars. Not only they could be read easily by faithful at any place and time, but they could also be read to a large audience of illiterate people. Religious texts reached a very wide circle of people, encouraging discussions, debates and controversies within and among different religions.
Or
"Leading Indian novelists of the 19th century wrote for a national cause." Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer.                                                             [5]
Ans. Many historical novels were about India's glorious past. Many historical novels were written about Marathas and Rajputs which produced a sense of pan-Indian belonging. They imagined the nation to be full of adventure, heroism, romance and sacrifice - qualities that could not be found in the offices and sheets of 19th centuries. Bhudev Mukhopadhay's Anguriya Binimoy (1857) was the first historical novel written in Bengal. Its hero Shivaji fought many battles against a clever and treacherons belief that he was a nationalist fighting for the freedom of Hindus.
Bankimchandra's Anandmath was about a Hindu militia that fought Muslims to establish a
Hindu kingdom. It was a novel that inspired many kinds of freedom fighters.
Writers like Premchand wrote novels which included various classes in the novels. He created characters who believed in a community based on democratic values. He made us think of social issues like caste oppression.
All the above wrote for a national cause.

26. Write four geographical requirements each for the growth of tea and sugarcane.   (2010) Ans. Tea is the main beverage crop of India. Four geographical requirements for its growth are :
(a)  The tea plant grows best in tropical and sub tropical climate.
(b)  Tea bushes require warm and moist and frost free climate with temperature between 20°C
to 30°C and annual rainfall of 150 to 250 cm.
(c)  Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.
(d)  Deep, fertile, well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter are ideal for its growth.
Hence, gently rolling topography in uplands is favourable for its cultivation. Four geographical conditions required for growth of sugarcane are :
(a)  Sugarcane grows best in tropical and sub-tropical climate. It is an annual crop requiring a year for maturing.
(b)  It grows well in hot and humid climate with temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
(c)  Frost is injurious for the plant and rainfall before ripening decreases sucrose content.
Hence,  frost  free  weather  short,  cool,  dry  winter  during  ripening  and  harvesting  is favourable.
(d)  It can grow on a variety of soil, but clayey alluvial soil of Northern Plains and black soil in south are ideal for its growth.

27. In which way does the language policy in India help our country avoid the situation that Sri Lanka is in today?                                                                                                  
Ans. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Although Hindi was identified as the official language but there were many safeguards to protect other
languages.
According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purpose was to stop in 1965. However, many non-Hindi speaking states demanded that the use of English should continue. The Central government decided to continue the use of English alongwith Hindi for official purposes.  Hindi  is  not  imposed  on  states  where  people  speak  a  different  language. The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country avoid the kind of situation that Shri Lanka finds itself in.
In Sri Lanka, the major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74%) and the Tamil-speakers (18%). In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. Due to this, and other reasons, the relations between the Sinhala and the Tamil communities got strained over time.

28. What forms can caste take in politics? [5]
Ans. The caste can take following forms in politics :
(i)   Sometimes candidates are chosen on the basis of their caste. When political parties choose candidates, they keep in mind the caste composition of their voters.
(ii)   In many places voters vote on the basis of caste and fail to choose suitable candidates.
(iii)  When a government is formed after elections, political parties take care that different castes are represented in the government.
(iv)  Political parties appeal to caste sentiments during elections.
(v)   To gain support political parties raise caste-based issues during elections. This they do to get political support, as 'one man one vote' system or adult franchise has made the voter very powerful.
(vi)  The castes considered inferior or low until now have been made conscious of their rights by the political parties.

29. "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person." How is this statement relevant to the discussion of the topic? Discuss.
Ans. The  concept  of  sustainability  explains  the  capacity  to  use  the  resources  judiciously  and maintain their balance. Thus, sustainability is a matter of sharing development opportunity and not the poverty and human deprivation. If the present is miserable and unacceptable to the majority of the world's people, it must be changed before it is sustained.
Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources but it would be disastrous because the available resources will be exhausted at a rapid speed and in such circumstance the future generation will be deprived of such resources.
Resources such as mineral wealth, iron, gold, copper, silver etc. are exhaustable; hence we should use them judiciously.

30. Explain how a shift has taken place between sectors in developed countries?
Ans. About more than 100 years ago new methods of manufacturing and technological revolution
took place. People who worked in farms began working in factories in large numbers in new
urban centres. Secondary sector gradually became the most important in terms of production and employment. Hence, over a time, a shift had taken place from primary to secondary sector.
In  the past  100  years  there  has  been  a  further  shift  from  secondary  to  tertiary  sector  in developed countries. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production. Most of the working people are currently employed in the service sector. This is the general pattern observed in developed countries.













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