Class X - Development
NCERT Exercise
Q.1: Why do different persons have different notions of
development? Which of the
following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Ans: (b) Because life
situations of persons are different. The requirements vary according to the
living conditions of people. Therefore, people seek those things that are most
important to them, i.e. the things which can fulfill their aspirations and
desires.
Q.2: Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer:
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Ans: No, the above two
statements do not have the same meaning. This can be justified by the following
example -
A
boy from a rich urban family desires to get quality education and capital to invest. On the other
hand, an Adivasi from Narmada valley wants
rehabilitation and regular work. These developmental goals are different but
not conflicting.
Q.3: Give some examples where factors other than income are
important aspects of our lives.
Ans: There are factors
other than income which are also important aspects in our lives. For example,
(1)
In the case of rural woman, gender equality is more important factor than
income.
(2)
For scheduled castes and tribes social equality, self-confidence and
self-esteem are more important factor than income.
(3)
Similarly in the case of child labour, proper education and freedom are more
important factor than income.
(4)
Job security is more important than more income for a casual
labour.
Q.4: Read this newspaper
report and answer the questions that follow:
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the
surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan
in Ivory Coast, a country in
Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste
caused nausea, skin rashes,
fainting, diarrhoea, etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in
hospital and twenty six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning.
A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals contracted
a local company of Ivory Coast
to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.
(i) Who are the people who benefitted and who did not?
(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
Ans: (i)
The local company owner and
the multinational company benefitted while a large number of innocent local
people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.
(ii)
The developmental goals for this country should be to frame and have proper, strict rules and laws
regarding the pollution and safer-environment etc. People or any organization
violating these laws, causing environmental hazards should be punished by the
government according to these laws. Also the country should create arrangements
for proper disposal of industrial wastes and better healthcare for the
people.
Q.5: Based on data given in Table 1.2 (COMPARISON OF TWO
COUNTRIES, textbook page 9), calculate the average income for both the
countries.
(i) Will you be equally happy to live in both these countries?
(ii) Are both equally developed?
Ans: (i) No, we shall not be equally happy to live in
both these countries. This is because; country B does not have equitable distribution of income.
(ii)
No, both countries are not equally developed. Country A has equitable
distribution of income. On the other hand in country B, 4 out of 5 citizens are
poor.
Q.6: Give three examples where an average is used for comparing
the situations.
Ans: In the following cases, an average can be used
for comparing the situations:
1.
To compare the performance of cricket players,
2.
We find out average daily income
to compare income and living status of a casual labour.
3.
Average is used for comparing performance of students in an examination.
Q.7: Why do you think average income is an important criterion for
development? Explain.
Ans: For comparison
between countries, total income is not useful measure as countries have
different populations and so, total income does not tell us what an average
person is likely to earn. Therefore, average
income or per capita income which is the total income of
the country divided by its population, as an important criterion for
development.
Q.8: Beside size of per capita income, what other property of
income is important in comparing two or more societies?
Ans: Per capita income is
useful for comparison. But it does not indicate how this income is distributed
among people. So, apart from the size of per capita income, equitable distribution
of income is important in comparing two or more societies.
Q.9: Suppose records show that the average income in a country has
been increasing over a period of time. From this can we conclude that all
sections o the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Ans: No, the increase in
average income of a country over a period does not mean that all sections of
the economy have become better. Let us take an example from India. Average
income of India
has continuously been increasing since independence except in some particular
years, but share of agriculture in total income of the economy has been
decreasing.
Q.10: Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India
do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
Ans: To become a developed country, India should
accelerate its GDP growth. Special emphasis should be given on agriculture and small scale industries.
More
than 60% of India’s
labour force is engaged agriculture sector which contribute only about 27% in
GDP. Moreover, in the globalization process, this sector has been neglected. As
a result, the growth rate of this sector has decreased. There is urgent need to
increase its growth rate by providing modern agricultural inputs, training,
credit, marketing facilities etc. to the farmers.
Just
to compare nearly 15% of Chinese labour force involved in industry sector
contribute more than 50% in Chinese GDP. On the other hand, about 16% of our
labour force engaged in industry sector contributes only 25% in India’s GDP.
So, we need to develop our infrastructure, labour-intensive techniques, credit
& marketing facilities and must reduce corruption and red-tapism in
government offices.
Apart
from these, there are other areas where India requires to pay more
attention are such as health and sanitation, vocational training, employment
generation etc.
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