Chattisgarh NTSE 2015 Stage I Result

Chattisgarh NTSE 2015 Stage I Result
Highest marks - 136
Cut off for gen - 121
http://www.scert.cg.gov.in/pdf/ntse-nmms201415/resultselectedntse2014-15.pdf

Answer key & results of SSTSE Rajasthan 2014

Revised answer key & results of SSTSE 2014
exam date 9.11.2014
visit the link
http://rajeduboard.rajasthan.gov.in/

Odisha NTSE 2015 Stage I Result

Its very much amazing that NTSE Stage I result of Odisha doesn't declares the marks obtained by the students. They haven't declared the cut-off also.
Hope students from Odisha will fight against such behavior of SCERT, Odisha
Roll No. Candidate Name Father Name Category District
1 222150710152 AADYASHA PRIYADARSHINI ASHOK KUMAR MALLICK SC CUTTACK
2 222151927118 AAMLAN SASWAT MISHRA BISHNU PRASAD MISHRA General KHURDHA
3 222150244016 ABHAY KUMAR SAHOO PRASANTA KUMAR SAHOO General BALASORE
4 222153043021 ABHIJEET BEHERA Manoj Kumar Behera General SUNDARGARH
5 222150911213 ABHILASH KAR PREMANANDA KAR General DHENKANAL
6 222151927114 ABHIPSA SAHOO AKSHAYA KUMAR SAHOO General KHURDHA
7 222151926485 ABHISEK MISHRA NITYANANDA MISHRA General KHURDHA
8 222151926487 ABHISHEK MISHRA DR DEBASHISH MISHRA General KHURDHA
9 222152156085 ABINASH DAS GURU CHARAN MALLICK SC MALKANGIRI
10 222150101330 ABINASH SETHI BIDESHI SETHI SC ANUGUL
11 222151932286 ADARSH PATNAIK RAJMOHANTY VENKETESWAR PATNAIK General KHURDHA
12 222153043020 ADHIBHATLA SIDDHARTHA ADHIBHATLA RAM PRASAD General SUNDARGARH
13 222151930263 ADITYA AUROBINDA MOHAPATRA Sangram Keshari Mohapatra General KHURDHA
14 222153043340 AJIT GARG Ram Bhaj Garg General SUNDARGARH
15 222153043243 AKANKSHA SHIVANEE GADADHAR BEHERA SC SUNDARGARH
16 222151932129 AKASH SAHOO ASHOK KUMAR SAHOO General KHURDHA
17 222150406431 AKASH SAHOO PRAKASH CHANDRA SAHOO PH BHADRAK
18 222151926483 ALAMSATY ASHIS KUMAR A JAGANNATH RAO General KHURDHA
19 222150101140 AMARTYA MISHRA SUSHANTA KUMAR MISHRA General ANUGUL
20 222150710165 AMITESH SAHU DEEPAK KUMAR SAHU General CUTTACK
21 222150101141 AMLAN MISHRA Sudhanshu Sekhar Mishra General ANUGUL
22 222151926148 AMLAN NANDA DHRUBA NANDA General KHURDHA
23 222151926047 AMRIT DAS AMIYA KUMAR DAS General KHURDHA
24 222151927094 AMRIT SAHU NIRANJAN SAHU General KHURDHA
25 222151926215 AMRIT SATAPATHY HRUDAYA RANJAN SATAPATHY General KHURDHA
26 222151927090 ANGAD PATTNAIK DEBIDUTTA R R PATTNAIK General KHURDHA
27 222150101142 ANIRBAN GHOSH PARTHA GHOSH General ANUGUL
28 222150202039 ANISHA MANJHI GUHI MANJHI ST BALASORE
29 222151927086 ANJANEYA SHANKAR PRAHARAJ Jitendra Kumar Praharaj General KHURDHA
30 222150710093 ANSHUMAN DEKA BABUL CHANDRA DEKA SC CUTTACK
31 222153043022 ANSHUMAN SAHU Dr GIRIJA SHANKAR SAHU General SUNDARGARH
32 222151927062 ANUBHAV SATPATHY Jyotiranjan Satpathy General KHURDHA
33 222151927080 ANURAG MOHANTY SUSHANTA KUMAR MOHANTY General KHURDHA
34 222151927088 ANWESH DAS BIBHUTI BHUSAN DAS General KHURDHA
35 222151927102 ARCHIT SUBHAM BHARAT CHANDRA BEHERA SC KHURDHA
RESULT OF STATE LEVEL TALENT SEARCH EXAMINATION, 2014-15 QUALIFIED FOR NATIONAL LEVEL NTS
EXAMINATION TO BE HELD IN THE MONTH OF MAY, 2015
Sl.
No.
Roll No. Candidate Name Father Name Category District
RESULT OF STATE LEVEL TALENT SEARCH EXAMINATION, 2014-15 QUALIFIED FOR NATIONAL LEVEL NTS
EXAMINATION TO BE HELD IN THE MONTH OF MAY, 2015
36 222151927096 ARNAV MOHAPATRA ABHIMANYU MOHAPATRA General KHURDHA
37 222151926006 ARYANANDINI ANANDAMAYEE Anil Kumar Sethi SC KHURDHA
38 222151926623 ASHISH ACHARYA SITANSU KUMAR ACHARYA General KHURDHA
39 222153043025 ASHISH MEHER A N MEHER General SUNDARGARH
40 222151930408 ASHUTOSH BEHERA MAHESH CHANDRA BEHERA SC KHURDHA
41 222153043556 ASHUTOSH KUMAR SANJAY KUMAR SAHOO General SUNDARGARH
42 222151926014 ASHUTOSH MISHRA SITARAM MISRA General KHURDHA
43 222151927092 ASHUTOSH PADHY SATYA NARAYAN PADHY General KHURDHA
44 222150708049 ASHUTOSH PRADHAN DR RAMESH CHANDRA PRADHAN General CUTTACK
45 222151932124 BABUL DWARI RAMACHANDRA DWARI SC KHURDHA
46 222153043561 BISWAJIT MAHALI PRASANTA KUMAR MAHALI SC SUNDARGARH
47 222152436169 BISWARANJAN SAHOO GOLAKA BIHARI SAHOO PH NAYAGARH
48 222153043027 CHANDRABHANU PANDA RAKESH KUMAR PANDA General SUNDARGARH
49 222153043028 CHINMAY KABI NARASINGHA KABI General SUNDARGARH
50 222153043559 CHINMAY MOHANTY PRADIPTA KUMAR MOHANTY General SUNDARGARH
51 222153043562 DEBADATTA PRADHAN MANORANJAN PRADHAN General SUNDARGARH
52 222151927122 DEBAKANTA JENA MRUNALKANTA JENA General KHURDHA
53 222153043055 DEBASISH NAYAK BIJAY KUMAR NAYAK ST SUNDARGARH
54 222153043029 DEBI PRASAD PANDA KRUTARTHA PANDA General SUNDARGARH
55 222152840307 DEBLINA PRADHAN BUTUNGESHWAR PRADHAN ST SAMBALPUR
56 222153043030 DEEPAK KUMAR RATH DILLIP KUMAR RATH General SUNDARGARH
57 222153043058 DEEPAK MAHALIK AVAY KUMAR MAHALIK SC SUNDARGARH
58 222150101146 DEEPAK MOHAN MARANDI SURAI MARANDI ST ANUGUL
59 222151930471 DURLLAVA TUDU BARAJU TUDU ST KHURDHA
60 222151926553 GURU KALYAN JAYSINGH NABA KISHORE JAYSINGH General KHURDHA
61 222151930457 JAYDEV NAIK PURUSHOTTAM NAIK ST KHURDHA
62 222150101149 JHARANA SAHOO BINOD BIHARI SAHOO General ANUGUL
63 222151926662 JYOTI RANJAN PAGODA PRAMOD KUMAR PAGODA General KHURDHA
64 222150101151 JYOTIRMAYA MAJHI RAMESH CHANDRA MAJHI SC ANUGUL
65 222151927048 JYOTRIMAYEE SAMAL Patitapaban Samal General KHURDHA
66 222150710149 K ANSHUMAN BAIKUNTHA NATH SARANGI General CUTTACK
67 222150406068 MALAY KUMAR PARIDA MANOJ KUMAR PARIDA General BHADRAK
68 222153043035 MANEESH ROUT PRASANTA KUMAR ROUT General SUNDARGARH
69 222153043560 MUHAMMAD MAHATAB Ahesan Ali Khan General SUNDARGARH
70 222151926502 NAMRATA SWAIN DEBASHISH SWAIN General KHURDHA
Sl.
No.
Roll No. Candidate Name Father Name Category District
RESULT OF STATE LEVEL TALENT SEARCH EXAMINATION, 2014-15 QUALIFIED FOR NATIONAL LEVEL NTS
EXAMINATION TO BE HELD IN THE MONTH OF MAY, 2015
71 222151926651 NIPUN CHANDRA NITEN CHANDRA General KHURDHA
72 222150406449 NISHANT KUMAR DIGAMBAR PATRA General BHADRAK
73 222153043036 NITISH ROSHAN SAHOO BIBEKANANDA SAHOO General SUNDARGARH
74 222151927034 OM PRASAD MOHANTY Lalatendu Mohanty General KHURDHA
75 222151927042 PRABHU KALYAN PANI PRAFULLA KUMAR PANI General KHURDHA
76 222151722166 PRAJNA PRATYUSHA NRUSINGH CHARAN BARAL PH KENDRAPARA
77 222153043037 PRATEEK SAHOO PRAMOD KUMAR SAHOO General SUNDARGARH
78 222150911226 PRATYUSH KUMAR SETHY PREMANANDA SETHY SC DHENKANAL
79 222151927018 PRERANA PRIYADARSHINI ARJUNA CHARAN BEHERA SC KHURDHA
80 222151930442 PRITAM MISHRA Bichitra Kumar Mishra General KHURDHA
81 222151927036 PRITISH KUMAR PRADHAN Pabitra Mohan Pradhan General KHURDHA
82 222151932426 PURNOK DAS PARIMAL CHANDRA DAS SC KHURDHA
83 222153043549 RAHUL RANJAN GOCHHAYAT PRAFULLA CHANDRA GOCHHAYAT General SUNDARGARH
84 222151926016 SABYASACHI DASH SATYANARAYAN DASH General KHURDHA
85 222151927260 SAI PRASAD SWAIN Gokulananda Swain General KHURDHA
86 222151932307 SAMBIT MOHANTY Malaya Kumar Mohanty General KHURDHA
87 222151927026 SANKET PATNAIK SASHI BHUSAN PATNAIK General KHURDHA
88 222153043043 SARTHAK NARAYAN SHEKHAR NARAYAN General SUNDARGARH
89 222151926010 SARTHAK PATNAIK ALOKE PATNAIK PH KHURDHA
90 222151926258 SASWAT DASH SWADESH KUMAR DASH General KHURDHA
91 222151926671 SASWAT MISHRA MR SATYABRATA MISHRA General KHURDHA
92 222150710155 SASWAT MOHAN DASH MR SUBHAKANTA DASH General CUTTACK
93 222153043547 SATYA PRAKASH PANDA SHREEDHAR PANDA General SUNDARGARH
94 222151823123 SATYABRATA NAIK Chhatrapati Naik ST KEONJHAR
95 222151930458 SATYAJIT MARNDI DASMAT MARNDI ST KHURDHA
96 222153043546 SATYANARAYAN BEHERA GOLOK CHANDRA BEHERA SC SUNDARGARH
97 222150101166 SAYANTAN DAS JAHOR DAS SC ANUGUL
98 222151927183 SHAGUN KUMAR CHITTA RANJAN NAYAK General KHURDHA
99 222151927058 SHASHWAT MALLICK HRUDANANDA MALIK SC KHURDHA
100 222151927014 SHEFALI PATRA BIJAYA BHUSAN PATRA General KHURDHA
101 222151926675 SHIBANI DHAR SARAT KUMAR DHAR General KHURDHA
102 222150710133 SHRUTI SENAPATI SURENDRA KUMAR SENAPATI General CUTTACK
103 222153043266 SIDDHARTH SEHGAL RAJIV SEHGAL General SUNDARGARH
104 222151926666 SIDDHARTH SOREN GHASIRAM SOREN ST KHURDHA
105 222151926679 SITANSHU SEKHAR MOHANTY RAJA KISHORE MOHANTY General KHURDHA
Sl.
No.
Roll No. Candidate Name Father Name Category District
RESULT OF STATE LEVEL TALENT SEARCH EXAMINATION, 2014-15 QUALIFIED FOR NATIONAL LEVEL NTS
EXAMINATION TO BE HELD IN THE MONTH OF MAY, 2015
106 222151926495 SMRUTI SEKHAR BEHERA DR BASANTA KUMAR BEHERA General KHURDHA
107 222151926497 SMRUTIMEDHA PARIDA SHARAT KUMAR PARIDA General KHURDHA
108 222153043047 SOM NATH SUSHANTA KUMAR NATH General SUNDARGARH
109 222150710092 SONALI PRIYADARSHINI JANARDAN MAJHI SC CUTTACK
110 222151930182 SOUMYA RANJAN DASH Sridhar Dash General KHURDHA
111 222153043048 SOUMYADEEP PAUL Soumit Paul General SUNDARGARH
112 222151926507 SOURAV SAHOO Dr Prakash Kumar Sahoo General KHURDHA
113 222151932303 SUBHRADEEP SAMANTRAY surendra kumar samantray General KHURDHA
114 222151927068 SUBHRANSU BABOO SUJIT KUMAR BABOO General KHURDHA
115 222153043545 SUBRAT SETHI SUDHIR KUMAR SETHI SC SUNDARGARH
116 222150708115 SUDESHNA DILIP KUMAR NANDA General CUTTACK
117 222151927028 SUMOKSHYA SIBALIKA Balaram Mohanty General KHURDHA
118 222150202175 SUSHREE BHAKTIPRADA MURMU Sarbeswar murmu ST BALASORE
119 222151932305 SWAGAT PANDA DR ASHOK KUMAR PANDA General KHURDHA
120 222151927110 SWAGAT SUVANKAR Susanta Kumar Sahu General KHURDHA
121 222151926060 SWASTIDA PRADHAN BIRAJA PRASAD PRADHAN General KHURDHA
122 222151927227 SWASTIK SUMAN PRADHAN SUNIL KUMAR DAS PRADHAN General KHURDHA
123 222153043341 SWAYAM PRAKASH DEHURY Ramshankar Dehury General SUNDARGARH
124 222153043053 TANISHQ SINGH BASANT KUMAR SINGH General SUNDARGARH
125 222151926634 TANMAYA PANDA SUDHANSHU SHEKHAR PANDA General KHURDHA
126 222151926472 TARUN KUMAR KHILLAR SARBESWAR KHILLAR General KHURDHA
127 222151926481 YASHASHREE BIDIKA GUPTA CHANDRA BIDIKA SC KHURDHA
128 222151927175 YOGESH KUMAR KARMA LAKRA ST KHURDHA

Uttarakhand NTSE 2015 Stage I result

Uttarakhand NTSE 2015 Stage I result
General Category cut-off - 109
Highest marks - 122
http://scert.uk.gov.in/news/view/35

Question Paper & Answer Keyof Entrance test of IESO 2015

Question Paper of Entrance test of IESO 2015
and answer key as issued by Geological Society of India

http://www.geosocindia.com/ieso2014/pdf/Entrance%20Test%20-%202015%20Question%20Paper.pdf
http://www.geosocindia.com/ieso2014/pdf/Entrance%20Test%20-%202015%20Answers%202.pdf

Haryana NTSE 2015 Stage I Results

Haryana NTSE 2015 Stage I Results are out

https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=B9C334E28B4D3B88!155&ithint=file%2cpdf&app=WordPdf&authkey=!AEbqOBPvC_TYB9g

NTSE 2015 Stage I Results of MP and HP

NTSE 2015 Stage I result of MP and HP declared
MP Gen cut off is 108
HP Gen Cut off is 104, SC is 93, ST is 92
For MP result visit
http://www.educationportal.mp.gov.in/Portal/Public/View_Circular.aspx?id=28103
for HP result visit
http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/scert/pdf/NTSEResult_Nov2014.pdf

Sample Paper for Class IX (Social Science) SA II

http://www.cbse.nic.in/curric~1/sqp_term2/Social%20Science%20Class%20IXth.pdf

OTBA (Open Text Based Assessment) for Class IX

SA II paper will include questions based of OTBA (Open Text Based Assessment)
visit the link for OTBA material for class IX

for theme one i.e. Together we rise
please visit
https://www.scribd.com/doc/299150210/09-Otba-2016-Social-Science-Theme-1

for theme two i.e. Food Security
please visit
https://www.scribd.com/doc/299150294/09-Otba-2016-Social-Science-Theme-2

SA II Sample Paper

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – II, 

Class – X, SOCIAL SCIENCE SAMPLE PAPER

Time allowed: 3 hours                                                    Maximum Marks: 90

1 marks Questions

1. Which of the following was not a feature of the Conservatism in Europe after 1815?

(a) Established traditional systems of state and society

(b) Efficient Bureaucracy

(c) Modern army

 (d) Democracy

OR

Which of these was not the challenge faced by the new Republic of Vietnam ?

(a) Attack of the French armies to regain control.

(b) Division of Vietnam.

(c) Fall of the Bao Dai regime

(d) Young generation’s emigration to Japan.

2. Which of the following is false about the Hapsberg Empire ?

(a) It ruled over Austria – Hungary

(b) It comprised of Italian and German speaking people

 (c) It shared a strong common identity

(d) All the groups had no common allegiance to the emperor.

OR/

Identify the blind poet from Vietnam who wrote, “I would rather face eternal darkness than see the faces of traitors.”

 (a) Ngyuyen Dinh Chieu

(b) Phan Chu Trinch

(c) Ngo Dinh Diem

(d) Phan Boi Chau

3. What did the idea of Satyagrah emphasise ?

(a) Traditional way of mass agitation.

(b) Passive resistance.

(c) Appeal to the conscience of the oppressor.

(d) Use of physical force to fight the oppressor.

4.Which of the following is not true regarding the non-wearing of Khadi in cities.

(a) Did not appeal to all.

(b) Could not boycott mill cloth for too long.

(c) Alternative Indian Institutions were fast to come up.

(d) More expensive.

5. Which one of the following minerals is largely derived from placer deposits ?

(a) Gold

(b) Magnesium

(c) Bromine

(d) Salt

6. Where does Fertilizer Corporation of India has Fertilizer Industry ?

(a) Hazira in Gujarat

(b) Jaipur in Rajasthan

(c) Aurangabad in Maharashtra

(d) Patna in Bihar.

7. What was the aim of popular movement in Nepal held in April 2006 ?

(a) To restore democracy

(b) To protest against price rise.

(c) To recall the elected representatives

(d)To have good ties with India

8. Which of the following organizations pressurized the government in Bolivia to give up its control of municipal water supply ?

(a) International Monetary Fund

(b) World Health Organization

(c) World Bank

(d) Multi National Company

9. Which one of the following is a challenge to Political Parties ?

(a) Parties put forward different policies and programmes.

(b) Parties shape public opinion.

(c) Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice.

(d) Parties contest elections.

3 marks Questions

10. “The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of the Prussian state power.” Discuss any three characteristic features of Prussia‟s leadership role in movement for German unification

OR/

Explain any three features of scholars revolt in 1868 in Vietnam. 1868

11. What was the Khilafat Agitation ? Why did Gandhiji give support to this agitation ?

12. How can we conserve our mineral resources for future generation? Explains any three ways.

13. Explain the importance of automobile industry in India.

14. What is the importance of the IT sector for the Indian economy? Explain.

15. Describe any three features of a Pressure Groups.

16.Why is a democratic government considered less efficient ? Give any three reasons.

17. Suggest any three ways to accommodate social diversity for making life more harmonious

18. Explain the main challenge to democracy in India.

19. „Rapid improvement in technologies has been a major factor that has stimulated the globalization process.‟ Support the statement with any three suitable examples.

20. How can free and fair trade be achieved? Explain.

21. Explain the three tier quasi judicial machinery setup under COPRA.

5 marks Questions

22. Assess the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the National Movement with special reference to the methods adopted by him.

 23. Describe the effects of US entry into war in Vietnam for the Vietnamese as well on the life within USA.

 24. Explain the significance of Border Roads.

 25. Explain the deposit and loan activities of banks.

 26. Compare the terms of credit for small -landless agricultural workers and medium farmers in a village

27. What was Romanticism? How was it linked to Nationalism?

28. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the countries development. Highlight the role of loans in reference to India.

29. How far has India succeeded in overcoming, the challenge of expansion before its democracy? Evaluate.

Map Question 5 mark

30. on the political map of India. Identify these features place with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map.

(a) The place where the Non – Cooperation Movement was called off.

(b) The place where the Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha took place.

(c) The place where Gandhiji started the satyagrahs in favour of Cotton Mill Workers.

(d) The place where INC session of 1920 September was held.

(e) The place where the Salt – satyagraha ended

Sample Paper for SA II Social Science Class X

https://www.scribd.com/doc/255905589/Sample-Paper-S-ST-SA-II-Class-X
https://www.scribd.com/doc/255998137/Social-Science-Sample-Paper-SA-II-Class-X

List of Map Items for Examination for class IX SA II

Summative Assessment- II
List of Map Items for Examination
Chapter 4 (Climate)
(Meteorological Stations) For Location & Labelling : Thiruvananthapuram, Chennai, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Leh, Shillong, Delhi, Nagpur.
Chapter 5 (Natural Vegetation & Wild life) (a) For Location & Labelling :
(i) National Parks : Corbett , Kaziranga, Ranthambor, Shivpuri, Kanha Kisli, Simlipul.
(ii) Bird Sanctuaries : Bharatpur, Ranganathitto,
(iii) Wild life Sanctuaries : Dachigam, Raja ji, Sariska, Mudumalai.
(b) For Identification : Forest Zones : Tropical Evergreeen Forests, Tropical Thorny Forests, Mangrove Forests, Tropical Deciduous Forests, Montane Forests.
Chapter 6 (Population)
(a) For Location & Labelling : The state having highest density of population. The state having lowest density of population. The state having highest sex ratio. The state having lowest sex ratio. The most populous state of India. The most sparcely populated state of India.
Note : Items for location & Labelling may be asked for identification.

Reading Material for IESO entrance exam

For reading material related to IESO entrance exam
Oceans, Corals, Geomorphic processes and evaluation of landforms, Igneous, Sedimentry and Metamorphic rocks, Paleontology, Physical Geology and Geodynamics, Physical Oceonography, Waves & Tides

visit the link
http://www.geosocindia.com/ieso2014/reading.html

Landforms of the Earth

The earth is made up of a series of concentric rock layers namely crust, mantle and core. The intense heat in the earth's interior does not travel to the surface because rocks are bad conductors of heat. The internal heat of the earth therefore melts the rock and keeps the asttenosphere which is underneath the crust in a semi molten state. This leads to several conditions which cause landform development on the surface of the earth. A landform is a natural feature of earth surface.

CAUSES OF LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH

(1) Plate Tectonics : The lithosphere is broken into several small and big plates. There plates float on the semi molten asthenosphere. The horizontal movements of there plates is very slow. The plates push, collide or slider past each other. This result in disturbance in the sedimentary rock deposit lying in between two or more plates the sedimentary rocks are compressed. This compression causes folding of the rocks. Almost all the fold mountain ranges of the world have been formed this why. The forces responsible for formation of Fold Mountains are called organic movements. The term ‘orogenic is derived from the break of the word meaning ‘mountain-building.' These forces act at a tangent to the surface of the earth and are primarily involved in plate tectonics.

(2) Uplift and submergence : Another set of forces operating inside the earth act along a radius from the earth's centre to the surface and are characterized by large scaleupinit or subsidence of land area. These vertical movements are known as epeirogenic movements. Such movements are a result of faulting or cracks in the earth's surface Blocks mountains, basins, rift valley are produced by there movements. ‘epeiros' in Greek means ‘continent' ‘genic' or ‘gentic' means ‘building' thus the continent building actuaries occur on a very large scale

The above two force, namely orogenic and epeirogenc are together called diastrophic forces. They act horizontally and vertically and produce reliefs such a mountains, plateaus, plains lakes and big faults.

(3) Sudden Forces : Volcanic activity is a sudden movement volcanic eruptions results in the formation of volcanic mountains, extensive plateaus and also plains. Earthquakes are also termed as sudden movements. Earthquake causes formation of lakes, other fractures and creates faults on the surface of the earth. Earthquakes and volcanic activities are described as sudden force. Geologically these sudden forces are also termed as ‘constructive forces' because they create relief features on the surface of the earth.

For the purpose of classification the sudden forces and the Diastrophic forces described above form two pasts of endogenic forces. These forces are active deep inside the earth. All the internal forces described above are called constructive movements.

(4) Exogenic forces : There are forces operating on the surface of the earth which cause formation of landforms. These forces are called exogenic forces. The external forces are described as destructive forces because they cause widespread destruction through weathering and erosion of existing landforms. They then form new landforms through both erosion and deposition. Landforms are produced by river erosion and deposition of sediments. Glacial erosion and deposition as well as wind erosion and deposition landforms of these types include valley alluvial and erosion plains, valleys glacial landform etc.

LANDFORMS AND THEIR TYPES

There are a large number of landforms on the surface of the earth. There are also several methods of their classification. Even after major landforms are made by internal forces of the earth, they are suspected to modification by the external forces. We will therefore mention these landforms according to there present relief features. The four major landforms are:-

• Mountains

• Plateaus

• Plains

• Valleys and Basins

(1) MOUNTAINS

A mountain is described as a very steep land or hill rising to great heights above the land surrounding it mountains are classified into three main types depending on the forces that have formed them. Three main types of mountain are fold mountains, Block mountains and Volcanic mountains.

Fold Mountains : They are a result of lateral compression of the earth's crust Fold mountains are the result of large scale earth movements caused by stresses in the earth's crust. Such stresses may be caused by weight of the overlying rocks, movements in the mantle, the expansion or contraction of some past of the earth. These stresses subject the rocks to compressive force, producing wripling or folding along the lines of weakness.

The Chief Characteristics of fold mountains wave like formation called folds. The upfolds rock strata in arch like shape are called anticlines or crest and the down folded structure is known as synclines or trough.

Fold mountains are the highest and the most range of the world. Their chief characteristics are:-

• They form irregular folds and are the youngest mountains on earth's surface.

• Most of the mountains are constituted of sedimentary rocks formed due to deposition and consolidation of sediments in shallow ocean like the Tethys, in the case of Himalayas .

• Fold mountains have greater length but are comparatively smaller in width the Himalayas about 2400Km in length.

• Most fold mountains expect the Himalayas are found on the margins of continents. They are located in two directions. Rocky and Andes are en north-south direction. The Himalayas are in west-east direction it is clear that all of them face the ocean.

• Fold mountains are associated with volcanic activity and has many active volcanoes.

The fold mountains chains that exist beneath the sea have there tops reveals as islands like in the west Indies. There are also oceanic trenches which are the results of the same force as fold mountain these forces in combination with volcanic mountain lead to the formation of ridges.

Block Mountains : The force of faulting also known as epeirogenic forces, lead to the formation of block mountain Due to tensional forces cracks or faults may occur on the earths crest. If two parallel faults occur, the land in between subsides to form a rift valley. If a block rises it forms a horst

(2) PLATEAUS

Plateaus are defined as an area of high ground, 500 feet above the ground level, these uplands have steep slope on one side. The upper past is generally flat and is called table land. Plateaus are also classified in several ways.

Intermountain Plateaus : These are the highest and most extensive types on the globe. The plateaus surrounded by hills and mountains on all sides are called intermontane plateaus they are formed along with fold fountain. The Tibetan plateau is the world's highest as well as most extensive intermontane plateau.

Piedmont Plateaus : Plateau surrounded by mountains on one side and plains on the other side are called piedmont plateau. The part facing the plains has steep slope. For example the Patagonian plateau of South America and the Appalachian Piedmont plateau which terminates in the Atlantic Coastal plains. Piedmont plateaus are residual plateaus derived from ancient fold system and are also called Residual Plateaus. Ardennes and Middle Rhine Highland are best example of residual plateaus.

Volcanic Plateaus : They are derived from lava flows from Volcanic eruptions. The plateau of Peninsular India especially the north western Deccan is an example of lava plateau. The Indian plateau covers an area of 774000 Sq km; other examples are south Africa plateau, Columbian plateau Ethiopian plateau. The peninsular plateau of India has enormous accumulation of basaltic rock. The Columbian plateau has about 20 layers of lava Suggesting that 20 different volcanic eruptions have formed this plateau.

Uplifted Plateaus : During volcanic activity the endogenic forces may uplift the middle position of the landmass in such a manner that its sides get rounded forming a dome shaped tableland Chhotanagpur Plateau is a typical example. Ozark plateau in the USA is another example.

(3) PLAINS

A plain is defined as defined as an extensive area of lowland with a level or gently, undulating surface. The formation of plains is one of the most intriguing landform development process on the surface of the earth. There are seemingly endless variation in plains. They are also an imprint of past and present processes. For example a sudden heavy downpour may wash away a standing landform or fill up a depression to form a plain. A plain is seldom formed by a single process. However three types of plains can be distinguished-structural plains, Erosional Plains and Depositional Plains.

Structural Plains : These plains are formed due to uplift or subsidence of land. Diastrophic force may cause uplift of a portion of land beneath the ocean water or may cause submergence of coastal land under ocean water. The Great plains of the USA were formed due to uplift of land submerged under water. The great plains are surrounded by Mississippi-missus plains in the east and Rockies in the west. The fact that they were submerged under water is responsible for the existence of many lakes in the vast lowland. Gulf coast is another example of an emerged coastal plain.

On the other hand, the coromandel plains in India are a result of mild subsidence followed by sedimentation. Thus, the forces of structural developments well as deposition were active in the formation of these plains.

Erosional Plains : These plains are formed by the agents of erosion after millions of years even high mountains are reduced to low undulating plains these include the following.

Pene Plains : They are landscape in which almost all hills been worn down as a result of erosion and wild plains predominate with some resistant peak remaining. Pene plain literally means almost a plain Niagara Plain in the USA Lorraine in France and southern England plains are example of these plains.

Plains of Glacial Erosion : These plains have rounded peaks and worn down ice scoured shield lands. Glaciated plains are those of Kashmir in India , northern past of North America and North western Eurasia .

Wind-eroded Plains : These are called Reg, Seris and Hamada in the Sahara desert, strong winds pick up weathered materials and deposits them elsewhere there formation are also called pediplains.

Karst Plains : There plains have corrugated and undulating surfaces produced by chemical weathering of limestone landscape by ground water for eg. Karst region of Yugoslavia .

Depositional Plains : There plains are formed by the deposition of material which have been brought by various agents of transposition.

River Deposition : The most widespread of there are alluvial plains like the northern plains of India, the flood plains like the Mississippi Plains in the USA deltaic plains in Egypt and India. At the foot hills of mountain are formed Piedmont alluvial Plains. The flood plain described above are also alluvial plains. They are found along the rivers like Yangtze, Mekong , Salveen etc. and are regarded as granaries of the world. In India flood Plains are divided into Khadar Plains and Bhangar.

Wind Deposition : Most such plains are sandy deserts like the Sahara in Africa and the desert in India. They have irregular and undulating surface made by existence of sand dunes and fallows. Loess plains in china are formed from deserts.

Marine Deposition : There plains are found in coastal regions. Examples are the east coast of India , the estuarine banks in Netherlands coast of Germany and Denmark . In Denmark we find polders and dykes. A folder is a piece of land reclaimed from the sea or lake. The submerged land is surrounded by an embankment and drained by pumping water into canals.

IMPORTANCE OF LANDFORMS

The landforms on the surface of the earth are symbol of energy of the earth they are basically a result of enormous heat generated inside the earth and climate factors operating on the surface of the earth. The earth releases its energy through tectonic activity, earthquake and volcanoes. There internal forces in addition to the surface weathering and erosional force become dominant factors in sculpturing of land the land forms have thus the following advantages:-

• Mountains, plateaus, plains, valley are beautiful sculpture of nature on the surface crust of the earth they add to the beauty of the earth.

• Landforms represent the relief feature of the earth they have and impaction climate directions of winds, precipitate as well as other atmospheric processing the Himalayas act a climatic divide shaping the distinctive climate of the Indian subcontinent.

• The mountain ranges of the world are the abode of snow and glacier. They are thus the source of perennial rivers.

• Many kinds of forest are found on the slope on mountains hills and plateaus. There are home to different species of plant and animal, thus biodiversity of plant and animal, thus biodiversity of life on earth can also be attributed to relief.

• Since such relief features also exist in oceans, the island groups and coastal regions are Ideal fishing sites.

• Major landforms are created by disturbance resulting from the forces operating in the interior of the earth. Most mineral and fossil fuel come near the surface of the earth due to these disturbances.