Development

Chapter # 1, Economics, Class X

Different persons can have different developmental goals

Landless Rural labourers - More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
Prosperous framers from Punjab - Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap laboureres; they should be able to settle their children abroad.

    For development people look at a mix goals

    Besides seeking more income, one-way or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All these are important goals.
    Example-
    (a) If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from  income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.
    (b) If there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

    How to compare different countries or states development ?

    For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. But total income is not such an useful measure. Countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
    According to World Development Report - 2006
    Countries with per capita income of Rs. 453000 per annum and above in 2004 are called rich countries and those with per capita income of Rs 37000 or less are called low income countries. India’s per capita income in 2004 was just Rs 28000 annum.

    Income and other criteria

    When we study the Table 1.3 and Table 1.4 we come to know that though Punjab is leading the table 1.3 because it has highest per capita income among the three countries, but when we compare the same three States on the basis of development we come to know that Kerala leads the table. Bihar in both the table stands on the last position. The comparison of the two table gives us the conclusion that Income is not the only criteria for development, but is one of the most important attribute for development.

    Public Facilities

    Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
    Money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.

    Human Development Report

    Published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income. By pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it very clear that what is important in development is what is happening to citizens of a country.

    Sustainability of Development

    It means that development in future should continue in the same pace in which it is running now. But its not that easy. As most of the resources are non-renewable, in future when these resources will get exhausted, it will affect the pace of development. Same way resources which are renewable, if they get polluted they would be of not use in future. For Sustainable development we would have to ensure better technology which will ensure best use of resources. Use of substitute goods will ensure the availability of non-renewable resources for long time.

INTERNATIONAL EARTH SCIENCE OLYMPIAD
This International Olympiad is for the students of class X and IX. In the first stage 22 students will be selected and finally four out of them will represent India at the International level. First stage exam will be held in the month of January-2013.
Last year three students of PCCP, Resonance, Udaipur represented India at the International level and won Silver Medal. This year 6 students from Rajasthan made it into the list of 22, out of the 6, Five were from PCCP, Resonance. Gaurav Verma from PCCP, Resonance, Kota stood First in the finally selected Four Students.
For next year we have set a target that we must get maximum selections in First Stage from PCCP, Resonance. For that we have started preparing the study material for IESO, which will be available by the month of August. Till then students can go through the study material given on the site of IESO.
https://sites.google.com/site/ineso555/

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Class IX - History
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

1. French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century 

When Louis XVI ascended the throne in 1774, France faced a severe financial crisis. The help extended to American Colonies in their war of Independence against British had added more then a Billion Livres to a debt that had already risen to more then Two Billion Livres. To meet its regular expenses, the State was forced to increase taxes.

During the Old Regime, the French Society was divided into three Estates

First Estate consisted of Clergy, Second Estate consisted of Nobles and Third Estate consisted of the rest of the People. First and Second Estate owned more then 60 % of the land, didn't paid any taxes, enjoyed privileges by birth, nobles enjoyed feudal privileges. Church extracted taxes like Tithes. State extracted a direct tax called Taille and a number of indirect taxes. Members of third Estate made about 90% of the population, Taxes was borne by the Third Estate only.

1.1 The Struggle To Survive

Population rise led to a rapid increase in demand, production could not keep pace with the demand this led to the rise in prices of the essential items. The gap between poor and rich widened. Years of bad harvest led to Subsistence Crisis.

1.2 A Growing Middle Class Envisages and End to Privileges

Revolts against increasing taxes and food security was left to groups within the third estate who had become prosperous and had access to education and new ideas. Eighteenth century saw the emergence of middle class (merchants, manufacturers, lawyers or administrative officials). These were educated and believed that no group should be privileged by birth, a person's social position must depend on his merit, envisaged a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. 

John Locke wrote 'Two Treatises of Government' - refuted the doctrine of divine and absolute right of the monarch. Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote 'The Social Contract' - proposed a government based on social contract between people and their representatives.Montesquieu proposed a division of power between the legislative,the executive and the judiciary.  

The news that Louis XVI planned to impose further taxes generated anger and protest against the system of privileges.

2. The Outbreak of the Revolution

Meeting of the Estates General - To pass the proposal of new taxes the meeting of the Estates General was called on 5 May 1789, last time it was called in 1614. First and Second Estate each sent 300 representatives, Third Estate sent 600 representatives, each Estate had one vote. Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry. This time Third Estate demanded each member of the Estate General to have one vote.The King rejected the proposal, Third Estate walked out of the assembly.

Tennis Court Oath - Members of the Third Estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court and declared themselves a National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had drafted a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.

Storming of the Bastille - Bad harvest, price rise, exploitation forced people to go against the government.On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille. In the countryside peasants attacked chateaus, looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing record of manorial dues. Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly. On the night of 4 August 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes, assets worth 2 Billion Livres were acquired.

2.1 France Becomes A Constitutional Monarchy   

National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution in 1791, it made France a Constitutional Monarchy. Constitution of 1791 vested the power to make laws in the National Assembly, which was indirectly elected.

Active Citizens - Men above 25 years of age, paid taxes equal to atleast 3 days of a labourer's wage. Remaining population (men and women) were called as Passive Citizens.

Constitution began with a Declaration of the Rights of man and Citizen.t was the duty of the state to protect each citizen's natural rights.

3. France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic

Louis XVI entered into a secret negotiations with the King of Austria & Prussia. The National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria. Thousands of Volunteers joined the army and marched towards Paris singing the song Marseillaise. Marseillaise - composed by Roget de L'esle later became the national anthem of France.

Jacobins - A political club which got its name from the convent of St. Jacob in Paris.Members belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of the society. Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre. In addition to the Red cap that symbolized liberty, they wore long striped trousers, similar to those worn by dock workers. On August 10, 1792 Jacobins attacked the Place of Tuileries and held the King as hostage. Elections were held. Newly elected Assembly was called the Convention. On September 1792, it abolished the monarchy and declared France as Republic. On January 1793, Louis XVI was executed publicly on the charge of Treason.

3.1 The Reign of Terror

Period from 1793 to 94, when Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those whom he saw as enemies of the republic were punished. He issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and bread were rationed. Equality was also sought to be practiced through forms of speech and address, concept of Citoyen and Citoyenne were developed. Churches were shut down and their building converted into barracks or offices. Robespierre was arrested in July 1794 and on the next day sent to the guillotine.

3.2 A Directory Rules France

After Jacobins, Directory, an Executive made up of five members came to power. The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte. 

4. Did Women have a Revolution ?

Condition of the Third Estate in France was never good. They had to work for a living , did not have access to education or job training, had to take care of their families, their wages were lower than those of men. The Society of  Revolutionary and Republican Women demanded that women enjoy the same political rights as men, demanded the right to Vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
Revolutionary government did provided relaxation to women (creation of state schools, compulsory schooling, divorce could be applied by both men and women, training for jobs etc.). During the Reign of Terror, the new government issued laws ordering closure of women's clubs and banning  their political activities.
Women's movements for voting rights and equal wages continued through the next two hundred years, finally in 1946 women in France won the Right to Vote.

5.  The Abolition of Slavery

Save trade begin in the seventeenth century. Slaves from Africa were brought, and sold to the plantation owners of Caribbean and America. Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes owed their economic prosperity to the flourishing slave trade. The Convention in 1794 legalised to free all slaves from the French overseas possessions. Napoleon reintroduced slavery, was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.
6. The Revolution and Everybody Life
Revolutionary Government pass laws that would translate the ideals of liberty and equality in the everyday practice. Abolition f censorship just after the storming of the Bastille, Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizen proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be a natural right. Freedom of the press also meant that opposing views of events could be expressed.

 

Answer key of NTSE  was released by NCERT. PL. see following link.

http://www.ncert.nic.in/oth_anoun/Keys-2012.pdf

Your Crossword Puzzle

Nationalism In India -Class X

NCERT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ACROSS 5. A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army.  6. For plantation workers at this state, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining link with the village from which they had come. 7. At this place in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police. 8. Poona Pact of September 1932, gave these classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.  11. In Awadh, peasants were led by this person, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.  14. The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in this region. 15. The viceroy, who announced in October 1929, a vague offer of dominion status for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. 16. These communities were deeply disappointed when the Civil Disobedience movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue being revised. So when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to participate.

DOWN 1. Gandhi in 1917 organised a satyagraha at this place, to support the peasants, who were effected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, and were not in a position to pay the revenue.  2. In this famous book, Mahatama Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. 3. On 13 April 1919, a crowd of villagers had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in this enclosed ground. 4. This movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and college, headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practise. 9. C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru formed this party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. 10. In December 1931, Gandhiji went to this place for the Round Table Conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed. 12. Gandhiji was convinced that it was their duty to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. 13. When the past being glorified was ___________, when the images celebrated were drawn from its iconography, then people of other communities felt left out.

AGRICULTURE - Class VIII

Your Crossword Puzzle

Chapter : Agriculture
Class VIII, NCERT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

ACROSS 3. Economic activities which provide support to the primary and secondary sectors through services. 4. Also called 'Golden Fibre'. 5. Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use. 7. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water. China leads in the production followed by India, Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt. 10. Economic activities connected with extraction and production of natural resources. 11. This type of farming includes commercial grains farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture. 13. Commercial rearing of silk worms. It may supplement the income of the farmer. 15. This type of subsistence agriculture is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast and east Asia. 16. In this type of farming, herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and water, along defined routes. 17. The ultimate aim of agricultural development is to increase_______________. 18. Increasing production through use of HYV seeds, Chemical Fertilisers and Pesticides.

DOWN 1. Economic activities concerned with the processing of primary resources. 2. This type of farming is practiced to meet the needs of the farmer's family. 6. A beverage crop, requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves. 8. They are also known as coarse grains and can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils. 9. The land on which the crops are grown is known as __________. 12. It requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred and ten frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth. 14. In this type of farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.