Marking Scheme of CBSE Social Science Class X Paper (Code - 32/2/1) held on 29th March 2019
Q.1. Explain the aim to form 'Zollverein', a Customs Union, in 1834 in Germany .
Or
Explain the main reason responsible for the eruption of a major protest in Saigon Native Girls School in Vietnam in 1926.
The aim to form 'Zollverein', creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of good, people and capital to stimulate mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.
Or
A Vietnamese girl sitting in one of the front seats was asked to move to the back of the class and allow a local French student to occupy the front bench. She refused. The Principle, also a colon, expelled her. When angry students protested, they too were expelled, leading to a further spread of open protests.
Q.2. Why was printing of textbooks sponsored by the Imperial State in China ?
Or
Why did Chandu Menon give up the idea of translation of 'EnglishNovels' in Malyalam ?
China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination was printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.
Or
Chandu Menon realized that his readers in Kerala were not familiar with the way in which the characters in English novels lived: their clothes, ways of speaking, and manners were unknown to them. They would find a direct translation of an English novel dreadfully boring. So, he gave up this idea and wrote instead a story in Malayalam in the 'manner of English novel books'.
Q.3. How has Shillong solved the problem of acute shortage of water ?
Or
How has Tamil Nadu solved the problem of acute shortage of water ?
Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a roof top rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from roof to rainwater harvesting.
Or
Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which has made roof top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
Q.4. How did the feeling of alienation develop among the Sri LankanTamils ?
Sri Lankan Government adopted a series of Majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala Supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passes to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
Q.5. What may be a developmental goal of farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops ?
Or
What may be a developmental goal of urban unemployed youth ?
Timely rain, if rainfall doesn't occurs he/she gets work in MNAREGA, irrigation facilities to be developed by government, government waves off his loan
Or
A job with a handsome salary, a peaceful working atmosphere, opportunity to learn, a sense of security and freedom etc.
Q.6. Give one example each of modern currency and older currency.
Modern Currency - Coins, Paper notes, Cheque, Debit/Credit card etc.
Older Currency - Cowries, precious metal
Q.7. If you want to purchase and electrical valuable good, what logo would you like to see to confirm its quality ?
ISI logo
Q.8. Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1930's ? (actually it should be 1830's)
Or
Describe the serious problem faced by the modern part of Hanoi in 1903
(1) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. IN most countries there were more seekers of jobs then employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums
(2) Small producers in town often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine goods from England, where industrialization was more advanced than on the continent
(3) In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Or
(1) In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague. The chief cause for this was the increasing number of rats in sewers which were laid out in the French part of Hanoi to keep the city beautiful and clean
(2) The French, in order to put a check on this menace hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat they caught. This rat hunt was started in 1902 and on 30 May 20000 rats were caught but the problem of rats did not end.
(3) However, the Vietnamese workers were in benefit. They were paid for each tail of the rat. They did not actually kill the rats but just clipped their tails and released them, so that the process could be repeated over and over again.
(4) Some people, in fact, began raising rats to earn a bounty. Defeated by the resistance of the work, the French scrapped the bounty programme. Thus the Vietnamese workers collectively deceived the French
Q.9. How did the printing press created a new culture of reading in Europe ? Explain with examples
Or
How did Charles Dickens depicted the terrible effects of industrialization on peoples lives and characters? Explain with examples
(1) Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Common people lived in a world of oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk tales narrated.
(2) Knowledge was transferred orally. People collectively heard a story, or saw a performance. They did not read a book individually and silently
(3) Before the age of print, books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient numbers. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people. If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
Or
(1) His novel Hard Times (1854) describes Coketown, a fictitious industrial town, as a grim place full of machinery, smoking chimneys, rivers polluted purple and buildings that all looked the same. Here workers are known as 'hands', as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. Dickens criticized not just the greed for profits but also the ideas that reduced human beings into simple instruments of production.
(2) In other novels too, Dickens focused on the terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism. His Oliver twist (1838) is the tale of a poor orphan who lived in a world of petty criminals and beggars. Brought up in a cruel workhouse, Oliver was finally adopted by a wealthy man and lived happily ever after.
Q.10. Describe any three main features of 'Alluvial soil' found in India.
Or
Describe any three main features of 'Black soil' found in India.
Alluvial Soil
(1) This is the most widely spread and important soil. In fact, the entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil
(2) These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems - the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor.
(3) Alluvial soil is also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas or the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri Rivers
(4) Apart from the sixe of their grains or components, soils are also described on the basis of their age. Accordingly can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
Or
Black Soil
(1) These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soil. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black soil
(2) It is believed that climatic conditions along with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil.
(3) This type of soil s typical of the Deccan trap region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgrah and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys
(4) The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.
(5) These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.
Q.11. "The dams that were considered to control folds have triggered floods." Analyse the statement.
(1) The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
(2) The big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall . The release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006
(3) The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion. Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains were deprived of silt, a natural fertilizer further adding on to the problem of land degradation.
(4) The multi purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
Q.12. Name any two subjects that are included in Concurrent List. How are laws made on these subjects ? Explain
Or
How is sharing of power between the Union and State Governments basic to the structure of the Constitution of India ? Explain
Concurrent list includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.
Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.
Or
The Constitution declared India as a Union of State. Although it did not use the word federation, the Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government representing the Union of India and the State governments. As in any federation, these different tiers enjoy separate jurisdiction. The Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments. It contains three lists : Union List, State List, Concurrent list and Residuary Powers.
Q.13. "Every social difference does not lead to social divisions." Justify the statement
Every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups. Carlos and Smith were similar in one way (both were African-American) and thus different from Norman who was white. But they were also all similar in other ways - they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination.
Q.14. How can caste take several forms in politics? Explain with examples
(1) When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
(2) Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
(3) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilizing and securing political support. It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto treated as inferior and low.
Q.15. "Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people continue to extract it at the present rate, the reserves would last only 35-40 years more." Explain any three ways to solve this problem
(1) As transport sector is a major consumer of oil, we need to develop more and more advanced technology so that most of the vehicles can be turned into Solar power driven or Electricity driven vehicle. This will not only reduce dependency on oil, will also reduce pollution
(2) Public transport system should be laid in each and every city and maximum people should be awared to use public transport system rather than individual vehicles
(3) Use of By-cycles for short distance should be promoted, will reduce dependency on oil, will reduce pollution and will improve the health status of individuals
Q.16. Why is it necessary to increase a large number of banks mainly in rural areas ? Explain
Or
Why are service conditions of formal sector loans better than informal sector ? Explain
It is necessary to increase a large number of banks mainly in rural areas because
(1) Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge a much higher rate of interests on loans. Thus the cost to the borrower of informal loans is much higher. Higher cost of borrowings means a larger parts of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan. Hence borrowers have less income left for themselves. Sometimes higher rate of interests leads borrowers to debt trap
(2) In the rural areas most of the rich households are availing cheap credit from the formal sources whereas poor households have to pay a large amount of for borrowing from informal sources. Formal sector meets only half of the need of the people in rural areas, remaining credit needs are met from informal sources.
(3) Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high rate of interest and do little to increase the income of the borrowers.
Or
Service conditions of formal sector loans are better than informal sector -
(1) The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans. The RBI monitors that formal sector maintains the minimum cash balance out of the deposit they receive. RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale industries , to small borrowers etc.
(2) There is no organization which supervises the credit activities of informal sector. They can lend at whatever interest rate they choose. There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
(3) Formal sectors includes banks and cooperatives whose main aim is not profit making but mostly work for the welfare of the economy. On the other hand informal sector's main aim if profit making.
Q.17. How can the Government of India play a major role to make globalization more fair? Explain with examples
Or
How has Globalisation affected the life of Indians? Explain with examples
Fair Globalisation would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of Globalisation are shared better. The Government can play a major role in making this possible
(1) Its policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful, but all the people in the country
(2) The government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and workers get their rights
(3) It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become strong enough to compete
(4) If necessary the government can use trade and investement barriers
(5) It can negotiate at the WTO for 'fairer rules', can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO
Affect of Globalisation on the life of Indians -
Positive effect
(1) Globalisation and greater competition among producers - both local and foreign producers - has been advantage to consumers
(2) MNC's have increased their investments in India in the last 20 years. Local companies supplying raw material to these industries have prospered
(3) Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. They have invested in newer technology and production method and raised their production standards
(4) Globalisation has enables some large Indian companies to emerge as multinational themselves
(5) Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. A host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply and are exported to developed countries
Negative Impact
(1) Small producers - compete or perish : For a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed major challenges. Small producers have been hit hard due to competition. Several of the units have shut down rendering many workers jobless
(2) Competition and Uncertain Employment : Globalisation and the pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of workers. Faced with growing competition, most employers these days prefer to employ workers flexibly. This means that workers jobs are no longer secure
Q.18. How are consumers enjoying the 'right to be informed' in their daily life? Explain with examples
(1) When you buy any commodity you can find certain details about ingredients used, price, batch number, date of manufacturing, expiry date and address of the manufacturer. When we buy medicines, on the packet we find directions for proper use and information related to side effects and risk associated with usage of that medicine.
(2) Consumers can then complain and ask for compensation or replacement if the product proves to be defective in any manner. For example if we buy a product and find it defective well within the expiry period, we can ask for a replacement
(3) Right to Information Act ensures Indian citizens all the information about the functions of government departments
Q.19. How had the 'First World War' created economic problems in India? Explain with examples.
Or
How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century ? Explain with examples
First Word War created economic and political situation in India -
(1) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: custom duties were raised and income tax introduced
(2) Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 - leading to extreme hardship for the common people
(3) Villagers were called upon to supply and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger
(4) In 1918-19 and 1920-21 crops failed in many parts of India, resulting is acute shortages of food.
(5) This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic
Or
A variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century
1. Figure or Image - The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata
2. Movement to revive Indian folklore - In late-nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras Natesha Sastri published a massive four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India
3. Icons and Symbols - During Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It has eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji has designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolor (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
4. Reinterpretation of History - Many Indians began looking into the past to discover India's great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times. This glorious times, in their view was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonized. These nationalists urged the readers to take pride in India's great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule
Q.20. Describe the role of 'technology' in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century
Or
Describe the life of workers during the nineteenth century in England
Or
Describe various steps taken to clean up London in the nineteenth century
Role of 'technology' in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century
Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport: faster railways, lighter wagons and large ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets. The trade in meat offers a good example of this connected process.
Till the 1870s animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. But live animals took up a lot of ship space. Many also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight or become unfit to eat. Meat was hence and expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor. High prices in turn kept demand and production down until the development of a new technology namely, refrigerated ships, which enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances
Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point - in America, Australia or New Zealand - and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.
Or
The life of workers during the nineteenth century in England -
(1) Miserable living conditions - The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. Many job seekers has to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals, others went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law Authorities
(2) Seasonality of Work - Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After they busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again
(3) Less wages and Unemployment - Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. The average figures hide the variations between trades and the fluctuations from year to year. When prices rose sharply during the prolonged Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things. At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 percent of the urban population were extremely poor. In periods of economic slump the proportion of unemployed went up
(4) Attack on machines - Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines
(5) After the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment
Or
Various steps taken to clean up London in the nineteenth century
(1) Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city
(2) Large blocks of apartments were built
(3) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War
(4) Demands were made for new 'lungs' for the city, and some attempts were made to bridge the difference between city and countryside through ideas as the Green Belt around London
(5) Architect and Planner Ebenzer Howard developed the principle of the Garden City. Following Howard's ideas Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick
(6) Between the two World Wars the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state and a million houses were built
Q.21. Name the two major beverage crops grown in India. Describe their growing areas.
The two major beverages crops grown in India are Tea and Coffee
Major areas of production -
Tea - Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura
Coffee - Confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Q.22. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced. Explain various ways
Some suggestions are -
(i) minimizing use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
(ii) harvesting or rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three ways
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical process. This involves recycling of wastewater.
Q.23. "Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities." Justify the statement
Or
"Democracy is a better form of government than any other form of government." Justify the statement
"Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities."
Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives. Parallel to the process of bringing individuals into the political arena on an equal footing , we find growing economic inequalities. A small number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has been increasing. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon. Their incomes have been declining. Sometimes they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education and health. The poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party will like to lose their votes
Or
"Democracy is a better form of government than any other form of government."
(1) Promotes equality among citizens
(2) Enhances the dignity of the individual
(3) Improves the quality of decision making
(4) Provides a method to resolve conflicts
(5) Allows room to correct mistakes
Q.24. What is a political party? Explain any four characteristics of a political party.
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Characteristics of a political party
(1) Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others.
(2) They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections
(3) Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about apart of the society and thus involve partisanship
(4) A party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds
(5) A political party has three components - the leaders, the active members and the followers
Q.25. Compare the economic activities of the private sector with that of the public sector.
In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. Railways or Post office is an example of the public sector. The motive of the public sector is not just to earn profits.
In the private sector ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands or private individual or companies. Companies like Tata Iron and Steel Company or Reliance Industries Limited are privately owned. Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profit
There are several things needed by society which the private sector will not provide at reasonable cost, these are provided by the public sector. For e.g. construction of bridges, railways, harbours, generating electricity, providing irrigations through dams etc.
There are some activities which public sector has to support. The private sector may not continue their production or business unless government encourages it.
There are a large number of activities which are the primary responsibility of the government. The government must spend on these
Q.1. Explain the aim to form 'Zollverein', a Customs Union, in 1834 in Germany .
Or
Explain the main reason responsible for the eruption of a major protest in Saigon Native Girls School in Vietnam in 1926.
The aim to form 'Zollverein', creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of good, people and capital to stimulate mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.
Or
A Vietnamese girl sitting in one of the front seats was asked to move to the back of the class and allow a local French student to occupy the front bench. She refused. The Principle, also a colon, expelled her. When angry students protested, they too were expelled, leading to a further spread of open protests.
Q.2. Why was printing of textbooks sponsored by the Imperial State in China ?
Or
Why did Chandu Menon give up the idea of translation of 'EnglishNovels' in Malyalam ?
China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination was printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.
Or
Chandu Menon realized that his readers in Kerala were not familiar with the way in which the characters in English novels lived: their clothes, ways of speaking, and manners were unknown to them. They would find a direct translation of an English novel dreadfully boring. So, he gave up this idea and wrote instead a story in Malayalam in the 'manner of English novel books'.
Q.3. How has Shillong solved the problem of acute shortage of water ?
Or
How has Tamil Nadu solved the problem of acute shortage of water ?
Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a roof top rain water harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the household comes from roof to rainwater harvesting.
Or
Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which has made roof top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
Q.4. How did the feeling of alienation develop among the Sri LankanTamils ?
Sri Lankan Government adopted a series of Majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala Supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passes to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. All these government measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
Q.5. What may be a developmental goal of farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops ?
Or
What may be a developmental goal of urban unemployed youth ?
Timely rain, if rainfall doesn't occurs he/she gets work in MNAREGA, irrigation facilities to be developed by government, government waves off his loan
Or
A job with a handsome salary, a peaceful working atmosphere, opportunity to learn, a sense of security and freedom etc.
Q.6. Give one example each of modern currency and older currency.
Modern Currency - Coins, Paper notes, Cheque, Debit/Credit card etc.
Older Currency - Cowries, precious metal
Q.7. If you want to purchase and electrical valuable good, what logo would you like to see to confirm its quality ?
ISI logo
Q.8. Describe the great economic hardship that prevailed in Europe during the 1930's ? (actually it should be 1830's)
Or
Describe the serious problem faced by the modern part of Hanoi in 1903
(1) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. IN most countries there were more seekers of jobs then employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums
(2) Small producers in town often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine goods from England, where industrialization was more advanced than on the continent
(3) In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Or
(1) In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague. The chief cause for this was the increasing number of rats in sewers which were laid out in the French part of Hanoi to keep the city beautiful and clean
(2) The French, in order to put a check on this menace hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat they caught. This rat hunt was started in 1902 and on 30 May 20000 rats were caught but the problem of rats did not end.
(3) However, the Vietnamese workers were in benefit. They were paid for each tail of the rat. They did not actually kill the rats but just clipped their tails and released them, so that the process could be repeated over and over again.
(4) Some people, in fact, began raising rats to earn a bounty. Defeated by the resistance of the work, the French scrapped the bounty programme. Thus the Vietnamese workers collectively deceived the French
Q.9. How did the printing press created a new culture of reading in Europe ? Explain with examples
Or
How did Charles Dickens depicted the terrible effects of industrialization on peoples lives and characters? Explain with examples
(1) Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Common people lived in a world of oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk tales narrated.
(2) Knowledge was transferred orally. People collectively heard a story, or saw a performance. They did not read a book individually and silently
(3) Before the age of print, books were not only expensive but they could not be produced in sufficient numbers. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people. If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
Or
(1) His novel Hard Times (1854) describes Coketown, a fictitious industrial town, as a grim place full of machinery, smoking chimneys, rivers polluted purple and buildings that all looked the same. Here workers are known as 'hands', as if they had no identity other than as operators of machines. Dickens criticized not just the greed for profits but also the ideas that reduced human beings into simple instruments of production.
(2) In other novels too, Dickens focused on the terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalism. His Oliver twist (1838) is the tale of a poor orphan who lived in a world of petty criminals and beggars. Brought up in a cruel workhouse, Oliver was finally adopted by a wealthy man and lived happily ever after.
Q.10. Describe any three main features of 'Alluvial soil' found in India.
Or
Describe any three main features of 'Black soil' found in India.
Alluvial Soil
(1) This is the most widely spread and important soil. In fact, the entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil
(2) These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems - the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor.
(3) Alluvial soil is also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas or the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri Rivers
(4) Apart from the sixe of their grains or components, soils are also described on the basis of their age. Accordingly can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
Or
Black Soil
(1) These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soil. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black soil
(2) It is believed that climatic conditions along with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil.
(3) This type of soil s typical of the Deccan trap region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgrah and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys
(4) The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.
(5) These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.
Q.11. "The dams that were considered to control folds have triggered floods." Analyse the statement.
(1) The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
(2) The big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall . The release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006
(3) The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion. Sedimentation also meant that the flood plains were deprived of silt, a natural fertilizer further adding on to the problem of land degradation.
(4) The multi purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
Q.12. Name any two subjects that are included in Concurrent List. How are laws made on these subjects ? Explain
Or
How is sharing of power between the Union and State Governments basic to the structure of the Constitution of India ? Explain
Concurrent list includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.
Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.
Or
The Constitution declared India as a Union of State. Although it did not use the word federation, the Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government representing the Union of India and the State governments. As in any federation, these different tiers enjoy separate jurisdiction. The Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments. It contains three lists : Union List, State List, Concurrent list and Residuary Powers.
Q.13. "Every social difference does not lead to social divisions." Justify the statement
Every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups. Carlos and Smith were similar in one way (both were African-American) and thus different from Norman who was white. But they were also all similar in other ways - they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination.
Q.14. How can caste take several forms in politics? Explain with examples
(1) When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
(2) Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
(3) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilizing and securing political support. It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto treated as inferior and low.
Q.15. "Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people continue to extract it at the present rate, the reserves would last only 35-40 years more." Explain any three ways to solve this problem
(1) As transport sector is a major consumer of oil, we need to develop more and more advanced technology so that most of the vehicles can be turned into Solar power driven or Electricity driven vehicle. This will not only reduce dependency on oil, will also reduce pollution
(2) Public transport system should be laid in each and every city and maximum people should be awared to use public transport system rather than individual vehicles
(3) Use of By-cycles for short distance should be promoted, will reduce dependency on oil, will reduce pollution and will improve the health status of individuals
Q.16. Why is it necessary to increase a large number of banks mainly in rural areas ? Explain
Or
Why are service conditions of formal sector loans better than informal sector ? Explain
It is necessary to increase a large number of banks mainly in rural areas because
(1) Compared to the formal lenders, most of the informal lenders charge a much higher rate of interests on loans. Thus the cost to the borrower of informal loans is much higher. Higher cost of borrowings means a larger parts of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan. Hence borrowers have less income left for themselves. Sometimes higher rate of interests leads borrowers to debt trap
(2) In the rural areas most of the rich households are availing cheap credit from the formal sources whereas poor households have to pay a large amount of for borrowing from informal sources. Formal sector meets only half of the need of the people in rural areas, remaining credit needs are met from informal sources.
(3) Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high rate of interest and do little to increase the income of the borrowers.
Or
Service conditions of formal sector loans are better than informal sector -
(1) The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans. The RBI monitors that formal sector maintains the minimum cash balance out of the deposit they receive. RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale industries , to small borrowers etc.
(2) There is no organization which supervises the credit activities of informal sector. They can lend at whatever interest rate they choose. There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
(3) Formal sectors includes banks and cooperatives whose main aim is not profit making but mostly work for the welfare of the economy. On the other hand informal sector's main aim if profit making.
Q.17. How can the Government of India play a major role to make globalization more fair? Explain with examples
Or
How has Globalisation affected the life of Indians? Explain with examples
Fair Globalisation would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of Globalisation are shared better. The Government can play a major role in making this possible
(1) Its policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful, but all the people in the country
(2) The government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and workers get their rights
(3) It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become strong enough to compete
(4) If necessary the government can use trade and investement barriers
(5) It can negotiate at the WTO for 'fairer rules', can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO
Affect of Globalisation on the life of Indians -
Positive effect
(1) Globalisation and greater competition among producers - both local and foreign producers - has been advantage to consumers
(2) MNC's have increased their investments in India in the last 20 years. Local companies supplying raw material to these industries have prospered
(3) Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. They have invested in newer technology and production method and raised their production standards
(4) Globalisation has enables some large Indian companies to emerge as multinational themselves
(5) Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. A host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply and are exported to developed countries
Negative Impact
(1) Small producers - compete or perish : For a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed major challenges. Small producers have been hit hard due to competition. Several of the units have shut down rendering many workers jobless
(2) Competition and Uncertain Employment : Globalisation and the pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of workers. Faced with growing competition, most employers these days prefer to employ workers flexibly. This means that workers jobs are no longer secure
Q.18. How are consumers enjoying the 'right to be informed' in their daily life? Explain with examples
(1) When you buy any commodity you can find certain details about ingredients used, price, batch number, date of manufacturing, expiry date and address of the manufacturer. When we buy medicines, on the packet we find directions for proper use and information related to side effects and risk associated with usage of that medicine.
(2) Consumers can then complain and ask for compensation or replacement if the product proves to be defective in any manner. For example if we buy a product and find it defective well within the expiry period, we can ask for a replacement
(3) Right to Information Act ensures Indian citizens all the information about the functions of government departments
Q.19. How had the 'First World War' created economic problems in India? Explain with examples.
Or
How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century ? Explain with examples
First Word War created economic and political situation in India -
(1) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: custom duties were raised and income tax introduced
(2) Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 - leading to extreme hardship for the common people
(3) Villagers were called upon to supply and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger
(4) In 1918-19 and 1920-21 crops failed in many parts of India, resulting is acute shortages of food.
(5) This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic
Or
A variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century
1. Figure or Image - The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata
2. Movement to revive Indian folklore - In late-nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras Natesha Sastri published a massive four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India
3. Icons and Symbols - During Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It has eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji has designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolor (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
4. Reinterpretation of History - Many Indians began looking into the past to discover India's great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times. This glorious times, in their view was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonized. These nationalists urged the readers to take pride in India's great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule
Q.20. Describe the role of 'technology' in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century
Or
Describe the life of workers during the nineteenth century in England
Or
Describe various steps taken to clean up London in the nineteenth century
Role of 'technology' in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century
Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport: faster railways, lighter wagons and large ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets. The trade in meat offers a good example of this connected process.
Till the 1870s animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. But live animals took up a lot of ship space. Many also died in voyage, fell ill, lost weight or become unfit to eat. Meat was hence and expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor. High prices in turn kept demand and production down until the development of a new technology namely, refrigerated ships, which enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances
Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point - in America, Australia or New Zealand - and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for imperialism abroad.
Or
The life of workers during the nineteenth century in England -
(1) Miserable living conditions - The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers. Many job seekers has to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals, others went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law Authorities
(2) Seasonality of Work - Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After they busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again
(3) Less wages and Unemployment - Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century. The average figures hide the variations between trades and the fluctuations from year to year. When prices rose sharply during the prolonged Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things. At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 percent of the urban population were extremely poor. In periods of economic slump the proportion of unemployed went up
(4) Attack on machines - Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines
(5) After the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment
Or
Various steps taken to clean up London in the nineteenth century
(1) Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city
(2) Large blocks of apartments were built
(3) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War
(4) Demands were made for new 'lungs' for the city, and some attempts were made to bridge the difference between city and countryside through ideas as the Green Belt around London
(5) Architect and Planner Ebenzer Howard developed the principle of the Garden City. Following Howard's ideas Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick
(6) Between the two World Wars the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state and a million houses were built
Q.21. Name the two major beverage crops grown in India. Describe their growing areas.
The two major beverages crops grown in India are Tea and Coffee
Major areas of production -
Tea - Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura
Coffee - Confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Q.22. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced. Explain various ways
Some suggestions are -
(i) minimizing use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
(ii) harvesting or rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three ways
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical process. This involves recycling of wastewater.
Q.23. "Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities." Justify the statement
Or
"Democracy is a better form of government than any other form of government." Justify the statement
"Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities."
Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives. Parallel to the process of bringing individuals into the political arena on an equal footing , we find growing economic inequalities. A small number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has been increasing. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon. Their incomes have been declining. Sometimes they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education and health. The poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party will like to lose their votes
Or
"Democracy is a better form of government than any other form of government."
(1) Promotes equality among citizens
(2) Enhances the dignity of the individual
(3) Improves the quality of decision making
(4) Provides a method to resolve conflicts
(5) Allows room to correct mistakes
Q.24. What is a political party? Explain any four characteristics of a political party.
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
Characteristics of a political party
(1) Since there can be different views on what is good for all, parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others.
(2) They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections
(3) Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about apart of the society and thus involve partisanship
(4) A party is known by which part it stands for, which policies it supports and whose interests it upholds
(5) A political party has three components - the leaders, the active members and the followers
Q.25. Compare the economic activities of the private sector with that of the public sector.
In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. Railways or Post office is an example of the public sector. The motive of the public sector is not just to earn profits.
In the private sector ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands or private individual or companies. Companies like Tata Iron and Steel Company or Reliance Industries Limited are privately owned. Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profit
There are several things needed by society which the private sector will not provide at reasonable cost, these are provided by the public sector. For e.g. construction of bridges, railways, harbours, generating electricity, providing irrigations through dams etc.
There are some activities which public sector has to support. The private sector may not continue their production or business unless government encourages it.
There are a large number of activities which are the primary responsibility of the government. The government must spend on these
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: only a member of this blog may post a comment.