1. Before the Industrial Revolution
Proto Industrialisation - large scale production,
for an international market,
not based on factories
Merchants Started moving towards countryside -
the demand for goods began growing
urban craft and trade guilds present in towns
Trade Guilds - maintained control over production
restricted entry of new people
rulers granted them monopoly
Poor peasants and artisans began working for merchants -
Open fields and commons were disappearing
Not sufficient land to provide work to all members of the family
Merchants offered advances
Could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate
their small plots
Relationship developed between town and the countryside -
Merchants in the town - wool stapler - spinner - weaver - fullers - dyers - finishing work in London
1.1 The Coming up of the Factory
Series of inventions in the eighteenth century (Richard Arkwright
created the cotton mill)
Costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained
only in the mills
Better supervision
1.2 The Pace of Industrial change - was slow
Cotton was the leading sector up to the 1840's, from the 1860s demand for
Iron & Steel increased
New industries could not easily displace traditional ones
Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth
Technological changes occurred slowly
2. Hand Labour and Steam Power - Industrialists preferred hand labour
No problem of labour shortage or high wage cost
Seasonal industries
Demand in the market for goods with intricate designs and
specific shapes
Handmade goods came to symbolize refinement and class
2.1 Life of the Workers
was miserable, had to spend nights under bridges or night refuges
seasonality of work lead to poverty and unemployment
women started attacking on spinning jenny
after the 1840s new employment opportunity opened up
3. Industrialization in the Colonies
3.1 The Age of Indian Textiles - India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles
Flourishing trade both on land as well as sea route
Surat (Gujarat), Masulipatnam (Coromandal) and
Hoogly in Bengal
Old Ports declined and new one rose
With the rise of European companies, old ports declined and
the new ones emerged
Exports fell, credit dried up and bankers went bankrupt
Surat & Hoogly decayed. Bombay and Calcutta grew
Was an indicator of the growth of Colonial power
3.2 What hapenned to Weavers
The East India Company established its control over Indian trade
Eliminated the competition
defeated the other foreign powers
taxes on local trade
Appointment of Gomastha to procure regular supplies
offered advances to weavers
took away all the production
Clashes between weavers and Gomasthas
weavers had to lease out the land and devout all time to weaving
Gomasthas had no relation with weavers
they acted arrogantly, often punished weavers for delay in supply
weavers lost space of bargaining
3.3 Manchester comes to India
By the 19th century exports from India declined, Imports has risen
British government impost import duties on cotton textiles
East India company forced to sell Manchester goods in India
Problems faced by Indian weavers
Tough competition from Manchester goods
Could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton
Competition from Indian factories
4. Factories Come up
4.1 The Early Entrepreneurs
Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jametjee Nusserwanjee Tata, Seth Hukumchand, Birlas
From where they managed their capital
were the junior players in the opium trade with China
Traded with Burma, Middle East and East Africa
Operated within India
Problems faced - Barred from trading in Manufactured goods
European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian
industries
Decision making in European hands
Not allowed to join Chamber of Commerce
4.2 Where did the Workers came from
Most industrial workers came from the districts around
Many moved between village and the city, returning to their village
homes during harvests and festivals
Workers traveled great distances from United Provinces
to Bombay & Calcutta
Jobber - employed by industrilists to get new recruits, got people from village, ensured them jobs, helped them in crisis. Often demanded money and gifts in return
5. The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
European Managing Agencies invested in Plantations, Mining, Indigo and Jute
Early cotton mills in India produced cotton yarn rather than fabric
Swadeshi movement promoted Indian industries. 1906 onward
Indian Industrialists began shifting from yarn to cloth
Impact of First World War on Indian Industries
Imports into India declined, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply
New factories came up, old ran multiple shifts. Workers were made to
work for larger hours
After the war Manchester could never recapture its old position
in the Indian market,
Local industrialists gradually consolidated their position
5.1 Small Scale Industries Predominate
Large industries formed only a small segment of the economy
Handicraft production expanded in the Twentieth century
Handicraft people adopted new technology that improved production
without excessively pushing up costs
Certain groups of weavers were in a better position than others
Demand of consumer cloth fluctuated violently,
weavers producing coarser cloth were affected severely
Weavers producing finer varieties were in a better position
6. Markets for Goods
Labels like 'Made in Manchester'
Images of Indian Gods and Goddesses
Calenders were used
Figures of important personages
Indian manufacturers promoted nationalist message
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